Dam projects, despite their vital role in economic and social development, have always faced serious challenges in the field of environmental sustainability and the rights of local communities. This article aims to examine the criminal liabilities arising from these projects, focusing on two prominent case studies, the Mandegan and Khersan 3 dams. The main objective of this research is to accurately identify the environmental and social violations associated with these projects, to deeply examine the prevailing laws and regulations, and to scrutinize the criminal liabilities of the individuals and institutions involved. This research examines this issue by relying on information published by Tasnim News Agency and other reliable sources. The findings of this research show that in both projects studied (Mandegan and Khersan 3 dams), numerous environmental violations have occurred, including habitat destruction, pollution of water resources (including pollution from sediments, chemicals, and wastewater), and failure to respect the rights of local communities. These violations have resulted in clear violations of environmental and criminal laws and regulations, and have created specific criminal liabilities for various individuals and institutions (including managers, experts, contractors, and government officials). Emphasizing the vital importance of environmental protection, the fundamental rights of local communities, and the need for sustainable development, this article presents suggestions for improving law enforcement, increasing transparency and accountability, and effectively preventing violations in dam construction projects. This article places special emphasis on providing practical and applicable solutions in this regard.